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ARCHITECTURE | Zaleckis et al (2024) Simulative Modeling of Psychologically Acceptable Architectural and Urban Environments Combining Biomimicry Approach and Concept of Architectural/Urban Genotype as Unifying Theories
xPeer Review Report
Summary:
The manuscript proposes a methodology integrating biomimicry and architectural/urban genotypes to model environments that align with human psychological and ecological needs. Drawing on environmental psychology, the study uses space syntax and isovist analysis to quantify spatial features in various urban and architectural contexts. While the approach is innovative and well-documented, the paper's theoretical and methodological depth is sometimes undermined by dense explanations and limited direct empirical validation.
Major Revisions:
  1. Integration of Psychological Theories and Biomimicry:
  • The manuscript effectively connects psychological theories (e.g., Attention Restoration, Prospect-Refuge) to biomimicry but occasionally overgeneralizes these connections without robust empirical evidence (e.g., aligning fractal patterns in cities with psychological well-being). Consider adding more explicit data or case studies to strengthen these links.
  • Suggested Revision: Include an empirical example or comparative validation with existing urban designs (e.g., green-certified urban spaces).
  1. Clarity in Methodology:
  • The explanation of visual graph metrics and space syntax analysis is overly detailed and may overwhelm readers unfamiliar with these concepts. For instance, the mathematical details in Section 2.3 could be summarized with clearer visualization aids.
  • Suggested Revision: Simplify the methodological description by using illustrative flowcharts or summarized equations in appendices.
  1. Validation and Generalization:
  • While the manuscript applies its model to distinct urban cases (Sfax, Krakow, Elektrėnai), the lack of empirical validation against user perception limits its generalizability. The pilot nature of the study is acknowledged, but this limitation weakens the practical implications.
  • Suggested Revision: Integrate survey-based or observational data validating the psychological impacts of the modeled environments.
  1. Biomimicry Concept as Unifier:
  • The manuscript asserts biomimicry as a unifying framework but does not adequately justify how natural analogs apply across disparate urban forms. Specific analogies (e.g., comparing Krakow to a forest) require more rigorous explanation.
  • Suggested Revision: Provide a structured comparison of urban forms and their natural analogs to support the claims.
Minor Revisions:
  1. Technical Terms and Readability:
  • Excessive technical jargon (e.g., "normalized visual graph integration") may alienate non-specialist readers. Glossaries or footnotes could improve accessibility.
  • Suggested Revision: Define technical terms concisely when first introduced and use consistent terminology throughout.
  1. Formatting and Referencing:
  • Some sections lack proper formatting, particularly in tables and figures (e.g., Table 1). Ensure figures are appropriately labeled and referenced.
  • Suggested Revision: Standardize figure captions and cross-references in line with journal requirements.
  1. AI-Generated Content Detection:
  • Estimated AI Contribution: ~15-20%. Detected in sections with repetitive phrasing and transitions, especially methodology discussions.
  • Impact: Minimal, as these sections are descriptive rather than analytical. However, more personalized phrasing could enhance originality.
  • Suggested Revision: Rephrase repetitive phrases and ensure the voice aligns with the authors' conceptual depth.
Recommendations:
  1. Emphasize case-specific empirical validation to demonstrate the model's real-world applicability.
  1. Streamline theoretical and methodological content with visual aids, focusing on clarity for an interdisciplinary audience.
  1. Enhance the biomimicry framework's robustness with explicit analogies and tested metrics.
ECONOMICS | Rom, A. (2024) The Impact of Banking Competition on Interest Rates for Household Consumption Loans in the Euro Area
xPeer Review Report
Summary
This study examines the relationship between banking competition and interest rates for household consumption loans in the Euro Area from 2014 to 2020. Using a combination of fixed-effects (FE), random-effects (RE), and Hausman-Taylor models, the paper investigates how factors like local banking competition, macroeconomic conditions, and country-specific variables influence loan interest rates. The key finding is that higher banking competition, as measured by the number of bank branches per 100,000 adults, correlates with slightly increased interest rates, contrary to theoretical expectations. The analysis highlights issues of endogeneity and heterogeneity bias, providing nuanced insights but leaving room for improvement in robustness and practical applicability.
Major Revisions
  1. Measurement of Banking Competition (Section 2):
  • The variable "number of bank branches per 100,000 adults" inadequately captures the complexity of banking competition. This measure may reflect banking density rather than competition. Incorporating alternative metrics, such as market concentration indices (e.g., Herfindahl-Hirschman Index), would improve the analysis.
  1. Interpretation of Results (Section 4):
  • The finding that increased banking competition is associated with higher interest rates contradicts theoretical expectations. While operational costs are suggested as a driver, alternative hypotheses (e.g., price-setting behavior in oligopolistic markets) should be explored in detail.
  • The negative correlation between country risk and interest rates defies economic intuition. A deeper discussion on possible structural or methodological reasons for this outcome is necessary.
  1. Addressing Endogeneity (Section 3):
  • Despite using instrumental variable (IV) regressions, the choice of instruments (e.g., trend variables for banking competition) is not fully justified. Validate these instruments through rigorous diagnostic tests, such as overidentification tests, and consider additional instruments if necessary.
  1. Heterogeneity Bias and Temporal Scope (Section 3):
  • The dataset spans a period of economic growth (2014–2020), excluding full economic cycles. Address the potential limitations of not including recessionary periods by emphasizing this in the limitations section and considering extending the data range in future studies.
Minor Revisions
  1. Clarity of Figures and Tables:
  • Figures (e.g., scatterplots and trend analyses) lack clarity and appropriate annotation. Improve readability by adding labels, legends, and consistent scaling.
  1. Language and Terminology:
  • Correct typographical errors, such as "unxepetcd" instead of "unexpected" (Section 5), and ensure consistent formatting throughout.
  • Simplify complex technical descriptions for broader accessibility without losing rigor.
  1. Formatting and Structure:
  • Some sections, particularly in the appendix, are overly technical without clear relevance to the main findings. Streamline content to maintain focus.
  1. AI-Generated Content Analysis:
  • The manuscript contains minimal signs of AI authorship (<15%), with most sections displaying a consistent academic tone. Repetitive patterns in statistical descriptions may reflect some automated assistance but do not compromise epistemic validity.
Recommendations
  1. Enhance Variable Definitions:
  • Use more comprehensive indicators of banking competition and include measures that reflect competitive dynamics beyond branch counts.
  1. Revisit Methodological Framework:
  • Employ more robust econometric techniques to address identified biases, such as two-step system GMM for dynamic panel data.
  1. Extend Data Scope:
  • Incorporate data from earlier periods or from the recent post-COVID years to account for full economic cycles and structural shocks.
  1. Deepen Economic Interpretations:
  • Provide alternative theoretical explanations for anomalous findings, supported by examples or prior literature.
Final Assessment
This study addresses a pertinent issue in banking and economic policy, with significant implications for regulators and financial institutions. While the econometric analysis is sound, the choice of variables and interpretation of findings require refinement. By addressing these gaps, the paper can provide a more robust and actionable understanding of the determinants of interest rates for household loans in the Euro Area.
ENGINEERING | Samanipour et al (2024) Engineering Biocompatible Hydrogel Fibers With Tunable Mechanical Properties For Neural Tissue Engineering
xPeer Review Report

Summary
This preprint introduces a core-shell hydrogel fiber scaffold designed for neural tissue engineering. The biocompatible construct uses a core of GelMA/gelatin embedded with human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) and an alginate shell. The scaffold exhibits tunable mechanical properties to replicate native brain tissue stiffness and achieves remarkable cellular alignment along the fiber’s axis. Extensive characterization highlights its potential for directed neurite outgrowth and high cell viability over extended culture periods. Despite its innovative design and functionality, the manuscript has gaps in addressing translational aspects, broader applicability, and long-term physiological validation.
Major Revisions
  1. Mechanistic Depth Limited Validation of Cellular Alignment Mechanisms: The authors attribute neural alignment to three factors: spatial confinement, flow-induced shear stress, and material stiffness heterogeneity. While plausible, experimental validation (e.g., disrupting one factor) is missing. Quantifying the relative contribution of each mechanism would strengthen these claims (Section: Discussion, p.7). The molecular pathways through which SH-SY5Y cells respond to mechanical cues, such as stiffness or shear stress, are underexplored. RNA-seq or proteomics could identify alignment-specific signaling pathways.
  1. Cell Type Limitations:Neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) are suboptimal for modeling neural tissue engineering. Including primary neurons or neural stem cells would better reflect the construct’s relevance to CNS repair and regeneration (Section: Discussion, p.7).
  1. Translational Relevance Lack of In Vivo Context: The manuscript focuses exclusively on in vitro findings without extending these to animal models. Testing the hydrogel’s functionality in nerve repair or CNS injury models is critical for translational value. Specific challenges in scaling the construct for clinical use (e.g., fiber implantation methods, immune compatibility of alginate shell) are not addressed (Section: Conclusion, p.8).
  1. Broad Neural Applications: While the scaffold’s stiffness aligns with brain tissue, its applicability to other neural environments (e.g., peripheral nerves, spinal cord) is unclear. Broader tuning of mechanical and biochemical properties should be considered.
  1. Statistical and Experimental Rigor Insufficient Statistical Analysis: Figures reporting mechanical properties (e.g., Young’s modulus in Figures 2D, 2E, 2F) lack detailed statistical comparisons between groups. Including effect sizes, confidence intervals, and post hoc tests would enhance data interpretation. Live/dead assay results (Figure 3B) are presented qualitatively. Quantitative analysis (e.g., percentage viability over time) is necessary for robust comparisons.
  1. Simulation Validation: The COMSOL simulations provide useful insights into shear stress profiles but lack experimental validation. Comparing simulated stress distributions to experimental measurements (e.g., using microparticle image velocimetry) would substantiate these results (Section: Numerical Simulation, p.6). 4. Material and Process Innovation Lack of Biochemical
  1. Integration: The GelMA/alginate scaffold supports neural growth but lacks functional integration with bioactive molecules (e.g., growth factors, ECM peptides) to enhance differentiation and long-term neural function. The potential for dynamic tunability (e.g., pH- or temperature-sensitive gels) remains unexplored. Such features could improve versatility in diverse neural applications.
  1. Crosslinking Limitations: Photocrosslinking using UV light raises concerns about cell viability and DNA damage in long-term cultures. Exploring alternative crosslinking strategies (e.g., enzymatic or visible-light systems) could mitigate these risks (Section: Methods, p.8).
Minor Revisions
  1. Figures and Data Presentation Figure Clarity: Figures lack consistent scale bars, detailed legends, and annotations. For instance, Figures 3A and 3B could benefit from overlays comparing different time points for better visualization. Simulation results (Figures 5 and 6) are visually dense. Highlighting key areas with arrows or color scales would aid interpretation.
  1. Data Accessibility: Raw data for mechanical properties, cell viability, and alignment angles should be included as supplementary material to enhance reproducibility.
  1. AI Content Analysis Estimated AI-Generated Content: ~15-20%.
  1. Indicators: Repetitive phrasing in methods and discussion, generic transitions between unrelated points.
  1. Impact: Minor, but the manuscript would benefit from stylistic variation and a deeper focus on key findings.
  1. Terminology and Writing Style Terminology Inconsistency: Terms like “neural alignment” and “neurite outgrowth” are used interchangeably without clarification.
  1. Replace ambiguous terms like “excellent growth” with quantitative descriptions.
  1. Writing Style: Several sections are verbose, diluting the impact of key findings. For example, the introductory discussion on 2D versus 3D culture methods could be condensed (Section: Introduction, p.3).
  1. Citations and References Literature Gaps: Recent advancements in coaxial bioprinting for nerve regeneration are under-referenced. Key studies from 2020-2023 could better contextualize this work. Include citations for standard methodologies (e.g., COMSOL simulation frameworks) for transparency.
Recommendations
  • Mechanistic Exploration: Validate alignment mechanisms experimentally and explore signaling pathways mediating neurite outgrowth.
  • Broaden Applicability: Extend findings to primary neurons or stem cells and test in vivo for broader translational impact.
  • Optimize Processes: Reduce UV exposure during crosslinking and integrate bioactive molecules to enhance neural functionality.
  • Enhance Data Presentation: Include quantitative metrics, raw data, and expanded statistical analyses for reproducibility and clarity.
  • Improve Writing and Citations: Streamline verbose sections, refine terminology, and update references with recent studies.
MEDICINE | Baker-Smith et al (2024) Prevalence of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Stages in US Adolescents and Relationship to Social Determinants of Health
xPeer Review Report
Summary:
The manuscript explores the prevalence of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) stages in U.S. adolescents using NHANES data (2017–2020) and investigates social determinants of health (SDOH) as predictors. The study finds that 44% of adolescents have advanced CKM stages (1 or 2), with food insecurity being the most significant SDOH associated with these stages. The study's strengths lie in its novel focus on adolescents and comprehensive use of weighted statistical analysis. However, it lacks longitudinal data and nuanced exploration of intersectional factors.
Major Revisions:
  1. Strengthening the Connection between SDOH and CKM Stages:
  • While the manuscript highlights food insecurity as the strongest predictor of CKM stages, it offers limited discussion on mechanisms linking food insecurity to CKM. For example, does food insecurity directly exacerbate adiposity and metabolic risk, or are other mediators involved (e.g., access to nutritious food or stress)?
  • Suggested Revision: Provide mechanistic insights or reference studies that connect food insecurity with metabolic disorders.
  1. Intersectional Analysis:
  • Although the study stratifies CKM stages by sex and race/ethnicity, it does not fully explore how these demographic variables interact with SDOH. For instance, Hispanic adolescents showed higher prevalence of CKM stage 2, but the manuscript does not delve into contextual factors (e.g., cultural dietary habits or structural inequities).
  • Suggested Revision: Expand on the intersection of race, ethnicity, and SDOH to provide a more granular understanding.
  1. Temporal and Longitudinal Gaps:
  • The cross-sectional design limits conclusions about causality. The discussion would benefit from acknowledging the lack of longitudinal data and proposing follow-up studies.
  • Suggested Revision: Add a section on future research directions emphasizing longitudinal studies to track CKM progression and the impact of SDOH interventions.
  1. SDOH Composite Score and Model Limitations:
  • The manuscript uses a composite SDOH score but provides minimal justification for weighting variables equally. For instance, does food security deserve more weight due to its stronger association with CKM stages compared to healthcare access?
  • Suggested Revision: Justify the equal weighting or explore alternative scoring methods that reflect variable significance.
  1. Broader Policy Implications:
  • The conclusion identifies food insecurity as a critical area for intervention but stops short of proposing actionable policies or programs. Linking findings to specific, evidence-based interventions (e.g., SNAP, WIC) would enhance the paper’s practical impact.
  • Suggested Revision: Discuss how existing or novel programs could address food insecurity and mitigate CKM risks.
Minor Revisions:
  1. Data Presentation:
  • Tables and figures are clear but lack visual emphasis on key trends (e.g., highlight food insecurity rates across CKM stages in bold or color).
  • Suggested Revision: Enhance visuals to emphasize key relationships, such as odds ratios for food security.
  1. Terminology Consistency:
  • Terms like "food insecurity" and "low food security" are used interchangeably, which may confuse readers.
  • Suggested Revision: Use consistent terminology throughout the manuscript.
  1. AI-Generated Content Analysis:
  • Estimated AI Contribution: ~10-15%, primarily in formulaic descriptions of methods and results.
  • Impact: Minimal. Content is technical and descriptive, but authors should ensure originality in sections discussing implications.
  • Suggested Revision: Rephrase generic methodological sections to better reflect the study's novelty.
  1. Technical Precision:
  • The manuscript mentions NHANES methods but does not elaborate on potential biases from survey design or non-response.
  • Suggested Revision: Briefly address limitations of NHANES data collection and their potential impact on findings.
Recommendations:
  1. Deepen the discussion of mechanisms linking food insecurity to CKM stages, incorporating evidence from existing literature.
  1. Explore the intersectionality of demographic and social factors to contextualize disparities.
  1. Justify or revise the SDOH composite score methodology to align with observed variable impacts.
  1. Suggest actionable, evidence-based interventions targeting food insecurity to enhance the manuscript's policy relevance.
BIOTECHNOLOGY | Zhao et al (2024) Advanced Bioprinting of Hydrogels with Controlled Mineral Gradients for Regenerative Engineering of the Osteochondral Interface
xPeer Review Report
Summary
The study introduces a novel bioprinting technique to fabricate unitary synthetic grafts (USGs) replicating the native osteochondral (OC) interface. Using a twin-screw extrusion bioprinting system, the authors successfully produce hydrogels with mineral gradients mimicking the native OC interface's structural and compositional attributes. Key evaluations include thermogravimetric analysis, biomechanical and viscoelastic property assessments, and cell viability tests. While innovative and methodologically sound, the study has some limitations, particularly in scalability and biomechanical equivalence.
Major Revisions
  1. Scalability and Applicability:
  • While the bioprinting technique demonstrates precision in laboratory settings, discussions on scalability for clinical applications are insufficient. Address potential challenges in scaling extrusion bioprinting for human-sized grafts (Section 4).
  1. Biomechanical Properties (Section 3.3):
  • The compressive modulus of the graft (0.04±0.01 kPa) is significantly lower than that of native OC tissue (2.13±0.55 MPa). The manuscript should explore modifications, such as reinforcing the agarose matrix or integrating additional biomaterials, to address this disparity.
  1. Long-term Cell Viability and Functionality (Section 3.5):
  • The viability data post-bioprinting are promising but limited to immediate observations. Future studies should evaluate extracellular matrix formation and cellular differentiation over extended periods to establish the graft's regenerative potential.
  1. Gradient Transition Length Validation (Section 3.1):
  • While the gradient transition length (647±21 µm) aligns with native tissue (633±124 µm), additional validation using alternative imaging or compositional analysis techniques could strengthen this claim.
  1. In Vivo Testing:
  • The study lacks in vivo evaluations. Incorporating animal studies to test integration, functionality, and durability of the graft would significantly enhance its translational relevance.
Minor Revisions
  1. Formatting and Clarity:
  • Improve the resolution and labeling of Figures 6 and 10 for better clarity of results.
  • Ensure consistent formatting across figures and tables, particularly Table 1.
  1. Typos and Language:
  • Page 7: Replace "whereas the second disk remains stationary and is connected to the torque and normal force transducer" with a more concise explanation.
  • Page 19: The phrase "mechanical strength associated with hydrogel concentration" is ambiguous; specify the exact relationship.
  1. AI-Generated Content Analysis:
  • Estimated AI-generated content is minimal (<10%), indicated by consistent technical language and methodological depth. There is no evidence suggesting a significant epistemic impact of AI-generated text on the manuscript's validity.
Recommendations
  1. Biomechanical Enhancements:
  • Explore hybrid scaffold designs integrating synthetic and natural polymers to enhance mechanical robustness.
  • Investigate pre-conditioning strategies (e.g., cyclic loading) to improve the graft's mechanical resilience.
  1. Extended Validation:
  • Employ additional analytical techniques (e.g., Raman spectroscopy) to corroborate mineral gradient findings.
  • Conduct side-by-side comparisons with other bioprinting methods to highlight unique advantages.
  1. In Vivo Studies:
  • Initiate animal model studies to evaluate the graft's osteointegration, load-bearing capacity, and degradation profile.
  1. Scalability and Manufacturing:
  • Address challenges in scaling the bioprinting process for clinical applications, including regulatory considerations and reproducibility of results.
Final Assessment
The manuscript presents a compelling advancement in regenerative engineering for the OC interface, offering a promising pathway for clinical applications. Addressing biomechanical limitations, extending cell viability studies, and incorporating in vivo validation will strengthen its translational impact.
PHYSICS | Reina-Valero et al (2024) Dark Matter Axion Detection with Neural Networks at Ultra-Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio
xPeer Review Report
Summary
The preprint explores the novel application of a feedforward neural network (FNN) in the detection of dark matter axions using haloscope experiments. The authors aim to improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in axion detection, highlighting a potential 50-fold reduction in experimental integration time. The paper utilizes advanced electromagnetic simulations and neural network training on synthetic data to distinguish axion signals from thermal noise. Results demonstrate a robust increase in detection efficiency, though practical challenges in real-world implementation are minimally addressed.
Major Revisions
  1. Experimental Validation:
  • The manuscript relies solely on synthetic data for training and validation of the neural network. Adding results from experimental data or a discussion on transitioning the model to real-world conditions is crucial (e.g., addressing systematics beyond thermal noise, such as environmental disturbances).
  1. Methodological Limitations (Section II):
  • The choice of a single hidden-layer FNN with one neuron limits exploration of alternative architectures. Comparing results with more advanced models, such as convolutional neural networks or long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, could validate the robustness of the approach.
  1. Noise Model Completeness:
  • The noise model focuses primarily on thermal noise and excludes other potential noise sources like instrumental or cosmic noise. A broader noise characterization would improve applicability to diverse haloscope setups.
  1. Scaling and Generalization:
  • While the study emphasizes the potential reduction in integration time, scalability for different axion masses and experimental setups is not evaluated. Clarify whether the approach generalizes to axion mass ranges beyond the simulated 1 GHz range.
  1. Quantification of Axion Detection Accuracy:
  • The neural network's reported accuracy metrics (e.g., 99.3% at SNR = 0.38) require further context regarding false positive/negative rates and potential biases, especially under varying noise conditions or parameter assumptions.
Minor Revisions
  1. Clarity of Results:
  • Figures 3–6 require higher resolution and improved annotations for clarity, particularly for non-specialist readers.
  1. Terminology and Notation:
  • Simplify dense mathematical expressions in Section II for broader accessibility. Ensure consistency in symbol usage, particularly for parameters like TsysT_{\text{sys}}Tsys​ and QaQ_aQa​.
  1. Language and Formatting:
  • Address typographical errors, such as “SNR’s” (should be "SNRs" in plural form) in the conclusions.
  • Use consistent formatting for all tables and equations to improve readability.
  1. AI-Generated Content Analysis:
  • The text exhibits minimal signs of AI authorship (<10%), primarily in formula-heavy sections. There is no detectable compromise in epistemic integrity.
Recommendations
  1. Expand Dataset for Neural Network Training:
  • Use experimental data or more complex noise simulations for training to improve real-world robustness and generalization.
  1. Explore Advanced Neural Architectures:
  • Compare the FNN's performance with other machine learning techniques, particularly for marginal SNR improvements.
  1. Integrate Cross-Validation:
  • Implement k-fold cross-validation to assess neural network reliability across diverse datasets and configurations.
  1. Broaden Noise Analysis:
  • Account for additional noise sources and quantify their potential impact on the neural network’s performance.
  1. Real-World Testing:
  • Prioritize integration of the method into ongoing axion search experiments to validate claims under operational conditions.
Final Assessment
The manuscript presents an innovative approach to enhancing axion detection efficiency using neural networks. While promising, it requires significant expansion in terms of experimental validation, robustness across diverse conditions, and methodological depth. Addressing these gaps will substantially improve the study's contribution to the field.
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